renderer_vulkan: Create debug callback on separate file and throw

Initialize debug callbacks (messenger) from a separate file. This allows
sharing code with different backends.

Change our Vulkan error handling to use exceptions instead of error
codes, simplifying the initialization process.

src/video_core/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -258,6 +258,8 @@ add_library(video_core STATIC
     textures/texture.h
     video_core.cpp
     video_core.h
+    vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.cpp
+    vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.h
     vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.cpp
     vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h
     vulkan_common/vulkan_library.cpp